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You may opt out at any time if you do not, or no longer, wish to receive marketing and promotional material. You may do this by: contacting us via e-mail or in writing at the address below and requesting that we no longer send you marketing or promotional material; or where applicable, clicking the “Unsubscribe” button.","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":"ltr","format":"start","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1,"textFormat":0,"textStyle":""},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Use or disclosure of sensitive information:","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":"ltr","format":"start","indent":0,"type":"heading","version":1,"tag":"h3"},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"We will only use or disclose your sensitive information for the purpose for which it was initially collected or for a directly related purpose, as required or permitted by law, or where you consent to the use or disclosure.","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":"ltr","format":"start","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1,"textFormat":0,"textStyle":""},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Disclosure of personal information overseas: ","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":"ltr","format":"start","indent":0,"type":"heading","version":1,"tag":"h3"},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"We do not disclose personal information to third parties outside Australia, unless required or permitted by law.","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":"ltr","format":"start","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1,"textFormat":0,"textStyle":""},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"How is my personal information kept secure? ","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":"ltr","format":"start","indent":0,"type":"heading","version":1,"tag":"h3"},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"We take reasonable steps to protect your personal information from misuse, interference, loss and unauthorised access, modification and disclosure. Such steps include: physical security over paper-based and electronic data storage and premises; computer and network security measures, including use of firewalls, password access and secure servers; restricting access to your personal information to employees and those acting on our behalf who are authorised and on a ‘need to know’ basis; retaining your personal information for no longer than it is reasonably required, unless we are required by law to retain it for longer; and entering into confidentiality agreements with staff and third parties.","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":"ltr","format":"start","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1,"textFormat":0,"textStyle":""},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Where we no longer require your personal information, including where we are no longer required by law to keep records relating to you, we will ensure that it is de-identified or destroyed.","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":"ltr","format":"start","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1,"textFormat":0,"textStyle":""},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Data quality: ","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":"ltr","format":"start","indent":0,"type":"heading","version":1,"tag":"h3"},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"We take reasonable steps to ensure that your personal information is accurate, complete and up-to-date. However, we rely on you to advise us of any changes or corrections to the information we hold about you. If you consider that the information we hold about you is not accurate, complete or up-to-date, or if your information has changed, please let us know as soon as possible.","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":"ltr","format":"start","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1,"textFormat":0,"textStyle":""},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Access:","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":"ltr","format":"start","indent":0,"type":"heading","version":1,"tag":"h3"},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"You may request access to the personal information we hold about you by contacting us. We will respond to your request within a reasonable time. We will provide you with access to the information we hold about you unless otherwise permitted or required by law. If we deny you access to the information, we will notify you of the basis for the denial unless an exception applies. Where reasonable and practicable, we will provide access to the information we hold about you in the manner you request. No fee applies for requesting access to information we hold about you. However, we reserve the right to charge a reasonable fee where we do provide access.","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":"ltr","format":"start","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1,"textFormat":0,"textStyle":""},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Correction:","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":"ltr","format":"start","indent":0,"type":"heading","version":1,"tag":"h3"},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"If you believe that personal information we hold about you is incorrect, incomplete or not current, you may request that we update or correct your information by contacting us. We will deal with your request within a reasonable time. If we do not agree with the corrections you have requested (for example, because we consider that the information is already accurate, up to date, complete, relevant and not misleading), we are not required to make the corrections. 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The list of technologies covered in the initial launch of Tech Tracker was drawn significantly from the Australian Government’s 2022 ‘List of Critical Technologies in the national interest’. The technology definitions were initially used for this project (with some minor tweaks). An archived version of this list can be accessed ","type":"text","version":1},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"here ","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"link","version":3,"fields":{"linkType":"custom","newTab":false,"url":"https://webarchive.nla.gov.au/awa/20221128084717/https:/www.industry.gov.au/publications/action-plan-critical-technologies/list-critical-technologies-national-interest","style":"inline","variant":"primary"},"id":"69290f9853a437388327aa25"},{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":". Through extensive consultation with stakeholders both in Australia and across multiple countries, we have over time branched out from this list to incorporate other new and emerging technologies.","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1,"textFormat":0,"textStyle":""},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"We recognise that technology definitions can evolve over time, and in future phases of this project we will consult closely with stakeholders as we modify our list and potentially add more technologies. Our intention is for the Tracker to remain a useful, current and comprehensive public policy tool for many years to come.","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1,"textFormat":0,"textStyle":""},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Definitions for the 74 technologies in the Critical Technology Tracker have been included below, grouped into several broad technology categories.","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1,"textFormat":0,"textStyle":""},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":1,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"What are critical technologies?","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1,"textFormat":1,"textStyle":""},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Critical technologies can be defined as current and emerging technologies with the capacity to significantly enhance, or pose risk to, a country’s national interests, including a nation’s economic prosperity, social cohesion, and national security. This is the Australian Government’s ","type":"text","version":1},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"definition","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"link","version":3,"fields":{"linkType":"custom","newTab":false,"url":"https://www.industry.gov.au/news/2022-update-list-critical-technologies-national-interest-have-your-say","style":"inline","variant":"primary"},"id":"69290f9853a437388327aa26"},{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":", and it’s a good one that holds relevance for all countries.","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1,"textFormat":0,"textStyle":""},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Today, critical technologies are the focus of geopolitical and strategic competition, and our understanding of the critical technology ecosystem—from how to ensure reliable access, the current trajectory of technology development and where the next breakthroughs will occur (and in what)—is too limited. It’s important that we fill this gap, and we hope this project will make a contribution, so we ensure all countries have continued access to the technologies that will underpin future prosperity and security.","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1,"textFormat":0,"textStyle":""},{"type":"block","version":2,"format":"","fields":{"id":"692ccaf47313bb1c6efc11ec","blockName":"Technology categories","anchorLinks":[{"id":"692ccaf54c9ec4223510c77b","title":"advanced-information-and-communication-technologies"},{"id":"692ccafa4c9ec4223510c77c","title":"advanced-materials-and-manufacturing"},{"id":"692ccafc4c9ec4223510c77d","title":"ai-technologies","overrideTitle":"AI Technologies"},{"id":"692ccb2a4c9ec4223510c77e","title":"biotechnology-gene-technology-and-vaccines"},{"id":"692ccb314c9ec4223510c77f","title":"defence-space-robotics-and-transportation"},{"id":"692ccb394c9ec4223510c780","title":"energy-and-environment"},{"id":"692ccb424c9ec4223510c781","title":"quantum"},{"id":"692ccb4d4c9ec4223510c782","title":"sensing-timing-and-navigation"},{"id":"692ccb544c9ec4223510c783","title":"aukus-relevant-technologies"}],"blockType":"tableOfContents"}},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Advanced information and communication technologies","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"heading","version":1,"tag":"h2"},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Advanced optical communication","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"heading","version":1,"tag":"h3"},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Devices and systems that transmit information using light through optical fibers or free space, enhanced by technologies such as lasers, adaptive optics and optical routing. 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These technologies enable faster, more reliable and more efficient connectivity, with applications in satellites, cellular networks, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, sensor networks, connected vehicles, implantable medical devices and secure communications for public safety and defence.","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1,"textFormat":0,"textStyle":""},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Advanced undersea wireless communication","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"heading","version":1,"tag":"h3"},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Technologies that transmit data wirelessly through the underwater environment, using acoustic, optical or radiofrequency methods adapted for high-pressure, low-visibility and long-distance conditions. 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This layered approach is especially valuable in data-intensive and time-sensitive systems, such as in manufacturing and autonomous vehicles.","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1,"textFormat":0,"textStyle":""},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Digital twins","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"heading","version":1,"tag":"h3"},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Dynamic virtual representations of physical objects, processes or systems that are continuously updated with real-time sensor and control data. Unlike static simulations, digital twins maintain a live, bidirectional link with their physical counterparts, enabling continuous monitoring, predictive analytics and operational optimisation. Applications include predictive maintenance in manufacturing, real-time electricity grid management, personalised treatment planning in healthcare and mission readiness assessment in defence.","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1,"textFormat":0,"textStyle":""},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Distributed ledgers","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"heading","version":1,"tag":"h3"},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Digital systems that record transactions and data across multiple locations without relying on a central authority, instead using distributed consensus to ensure integrity. Blockchain is a prominent example, underpinning cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin. 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Practical applications extend to remote operation of military systems, such as unmanned aerial vehicles (drones), and the simulation-based training of emergency response personnel.","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1,"textFormat":0,"textStyle":""},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"High performance computing","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"heading","version":1,"tag":"h3"},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Computer systems designed to process vast data volumes and perform complex calculations that are impossible or impractical on standard consumer devices. Supercomputers are a prime example. 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It supports a wide range of materials, including plastics, metals and ceramics, and can produce parts at scales from microscopic to room-sized. Applications include rapid prototyping, customised designs, and low-volume production.","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1,"textFormat":0,"textStyle":""},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Advanced composite materials","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"heading","version":1,"tag":"h3"},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Materials engineered by combining two or more distinct materials, without dissolving or blending them into each other. These composites exhibit superior strength, stiffness or toughness compared to their base components. Examples include carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics and laminated materials. Applications include vehicle protection, signature reducing materials, construction materials and wind turbine components.","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1,"textFormat":0,"textStyle":""},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Advanced explosives and energetic materials","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"heading","version":1,"tag":"h3"},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Substances engineered to store large amounts of chemical energy that can be released rapidly to produce an explosion or high-pressure impulse. They are formulated and characterised for properties such as energy density, stability and detonation behavior. 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Superconductors are materials that exhibit no electrical resistance, ideally at room temperature and pressure, supporting applications such as medical imaging, lossless power transmission and quantum computing.","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1,"textFormat":0,"textStyle":""},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Advanced protection","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"heading","version":1,"tag":"h3"},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Clothing and equipment designed to protect military, law enforcement and public safety personnel, as well as defence platforms, from physical harm, chemical or biological hazards. 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Examples include anti-biofouling coatings for ships and buildings, super-hydrophobic coatings for solar panels or drag reduction, electromagnetic-absorbing coatings for stealth, thermal coatings for energy efficiency and anti-corrosion coatings to prevent rust.","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1,"textFormat":0,"textStyle":""},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Continuous flow chemical synthesis","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"heading","version":1,"tag":"h3"},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Systems that produce fine chemicals and pharmaceuticals through continuous-flow processes rather than batch methods. 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Their unique properties enable applications in paints and coatings, pharmaceuticals, wastewater treatment, data storage, communications, semiconductors, carbon capture and nanoscale tracking of critical materials.","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1,"textFormat":0,"textStyle":""},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Novel metamaterials","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"heading","version":1,"tag":"h3"},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Synthetic materials engineered to exhibit properties not found in nature, such as bending light or radio waves in unconventional ways. 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Algorithms provide the models and techniques for learning and decision-making, while hardware accelerators, such as GPUs, TPUs and neuromorphic chips, deliver the processing power needed for large-scale or real-time AI applications. Together they underpin advances across fields from scientific research and healthcare to autonomous systems and defence.","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1,"textFormat":0,"textStyle":""},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Computer vision","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"heading","version":1,"tag":"h3"},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Artificial intelligence that enables computers to interpret and analyse visual information from images and video. This is the most mature of the sensory AI, first used in optical character recognition. 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The WoS Core Collection was selected because it’s heavily used by researchers who study scientific trends and it has well-understood performance characteristics. The dataset included conference and journal publications and excluded bibliographic records that were deemed to not reflect research advances, such as book reviews, retracted publications and letters submitted to academic journals. 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Not all the millions of research papers published each year are going to meaningful advanced technological capabilites.","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1,"textFormat":0,"textStyle":""},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"As such, we define 'quality research' as research from papers that are in the top 10% most cited papers when compared to other papers published in the same technology area in the same year.","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1,"textFormat":0,"textStyle":""},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"There are certainly limitations to defining quality in this way, but despite these limitations it is a widely used way to define research quality in scientometrics due to its tractability and generality.","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1,"textFormat":0,"textStyle":""},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"What’s a citation?","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"heading","version":1,"tag":"h3"},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"When a scientific paper references another paper, that’s known as a citation. The number of times a paper is cited reflects the impact of the paper. As time goes by, there are more opportunities for a paper to be cited, so only papers of a similar age should be compared using citation counts (as was done in this report).","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1,"textFormat":0,"textStyle":""},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"How do we allocate credit to countries or institutions?","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"heading","version":1,"tag":"h3"},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Credit for each publication is divided among all authors listed on a particular publication. This per-author credit is then further split between their affiliated institutions and the countries they are based in. This is why institution and country credits can be fractional (not whole numbers). ","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1,"textFormat":0,"textStyle":""},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Other methods that were considered included assigning all credit to the first listed author, or assigning equal credit to all institutions or countries associated with the production of a particular publication. 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Similar to our emphasise on high-impact research, we focus specifically on the most impactful researchers in each technology, defined as the cohort of researchers who published a paper within the top 5% and 10% of most cited papers in each technology field in each year.","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1,"textFormat":0,"textStyle":""},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"The talent flow has three distinct nodes, undergraduate, postgraduate and employment. The employment node is primarily sourced directly from their most recent publication in the WoS dataset. Data used to construct the undergraduate and postgraduate nodes is constructed using the ORCiD database, which uses a unique and persistent digital identifier (an ORCID iD) to researchers which can be used to link them to their professional activities (published papers, positions held and degrees/qualifications obtained). 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Licence revenue funds the research it provides access to.","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"start","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1,"textFormat":0,"textStyle":""},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"3.      Do you offer demos or free trials?","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"heading","version":1,"tag":"h3"},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"The video below provides a guided tour of the Critical Technology Tracker website, demonstrating how to navigate its features and showcasing examples of the insights available. For instance, the European Union has three countries in the top 10 when focusing on high-impact research; China leads advanced aircraft engine research with around 75% of global high-impact output in 2025, up from virtually zero in 2005; and more than half of the world’s high-impact researchers in neuroprosthetics are based in the United States and Canada, with many of the world’s leading institutions based in the US (such as the Mayo Clinic and the University of California, San Francisco).","type":"text","version":1},{"type":"linebreak","version":1},{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":" ","type":"text","version":1},{"type":"linebreak","version":1},{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"There is much more available across the Tracker’s 74 technologies, and we encourage you to explore the website to dive deeper into the data, methodology, and previous reports. Please get in touch if you have any questions or would like to learn more about how the Critical Technology Tracker can support your work.","type":"text","version":1},{"type":"linebreak","version":1},{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":" ","type":"text","version":1},{"type":"linebreak","version":1},{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Note: The website and underlying data are regularly updated. The figures quoted here reflect results as displayed on 12 February 2026 and may have changed in subsequent updates.","type":"text","version":1,"$":{"color":"blue"}}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1,"textFormat":0,"textStyle":""},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"We have also made three technologies available for free to get a sense and feel of the Tracker. 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What’s coming in future updates?","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"heading","version":1,"tag":"h3"},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Beginning in 2026, ASPI will provide regular updates based on subscribers. Our current roadmap is:","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1,"textFormat":0,"textStyle":""},{"children":[{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"We are working towards an expansion of the Tracker to look at patents and intellectual property, extending the Tracker down the next stage of the technology lifecycle.","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"listitem","version":1,"value":1},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"In June 2027, we will incorporate 2026 research publications dataset across the country and institution rankings, as well as the talent flow.","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"listitem","version":1,"value":2},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"We will also periodically refine our technology search terms to make sure we are capturing new research directions, and to ensure our technology list stays relevant to industry and policymakers.","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"listitem","version":1,"value":3}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"list","version":1,"listType":"bullet","start":1,"tag":"ul"},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"5.      Can I compare countries?","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"heading","version":1,"tag":"h3"},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Yes. Select a country in the “Select country” dropdown field, then choose another in “Country (optional)” dropdown field to compare them. ","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1,"textFormat":0,"textStyle":""},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"6.      Can I group countries together?","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"heading","version":1,"tag":"h3"},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Yes. You can use preset groups (e.g., EU, AUKUS, NATO) or create your own (up to 5 countries per group). 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","type":"text","version":1},{"detail":0,"format":1,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"What’s the difference between the percentage and number time-series graphs?","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"heading","version":1,"tag":"h3"},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"The percentage graph shows the volume of country or institution publications as a share of the global total.","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1,"textFormat":0,"textStyle":""},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Global research output has been growing exponentially since the beginning of scientific publishing in the late 17th century. Therefore, plotting the number of papers produced by a particular country in a particular field potentially emphasises this overall exponential growth rather than relative country performance. The percentage graph accounts for this, making it easier to compare country performance in earlier years, when global research output may have been smaller.","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1,"textFormat":0,"textStyle":""},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"The cumulative global share of publications is calculated by dividing the cumulative sum of high-impact publications for each individual country or institution by the cumulative sum of the global number of high-impact publications. 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Each technology was defined by bespoke search queries combining ","type":"text","version":1},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"IPC codes","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"link","version":3,"fields":{"linkType":"custom","newTab":false,"url":"https://www.wipo.int/en/web/classification-ipc","style":"inline","variant":"primary"},"id":"6abc50c77c77fa4ef731b574"},{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":", ","type":"text","version":1},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"CPC codes","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"link","version":3,"fields":{"linkType":"custom","newTab":false,"url":"https://www.epo.org/en/searching-for-patents/helpful-resources/first-time-here/classification/cpc","style":"inline","variant":"primary"},"id":"6abc50c77c77fa4ef731b575"},{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":" and keywords. Additional care was taken to capture not only current IPC and CPC codes, but IPC and CPC codes that may now be redundant because of the need to capture each technology over the course of twenty years. Patent data covering the years 2002 to 2025 was downloaded from the Derwent Patent Search (previously known as Derwent Innovation).","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"start","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1,"textFormat":0,"textStyle":""},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":1,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"What is a patent family?","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"heading","version":1,"tag":"h3"},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Each invention can be tracked as a patent family which is a collection of documents submitted to a patent office at different stages of the patenting process. 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Patent families enable the analysis of inventive activity regardless of the number of jurisdictions in which protection is sought.","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1,"textFormat":0,"textStyle":""},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":1,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"What are patent kind codes?","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"start","indent":0,"type":"heading","version":1,"tag":"h3"},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Each jurisdiction will have its own list of kind codes and in 1997, the patent kind codes were first harmonised internationally when the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) adopted ","type":"text","version":1},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"WIPO Standard ST.16","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"link","version":3,"fields":{"linkType":"custom","newTab":true,"url":"https://www.wipo.int/documents/d/standards/docs-en-03-16-01.pdf","style":"inline","variant":"primary"},"id":"6abc51917c77fa4ef731b577"},{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":". 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","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"start","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1,"textFormat":0,"textStyle":""},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Applications can be filed for full patents (valid for 20 years) and utility models (10-year validity). ","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"start","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1,"textFormat":0,"textStyle":""},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"A patent family is classified as a granted patent, if it contains at least one granted patent, including families that contain both granted patents and utility models.","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"start","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1,"textFormat":0,"textStyle":""},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"A patent family is classified as a utility model only when the patent rights were exclusively for utility models. 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Recency measures how recently these inventions were published and is calculated as a weighted average over the survey period, with greater weight assigned to inventions published in more recent years. To enable comparison across technologies, relative recency is calculated by normalising the recency of each technology against the recency of the entire dataset, which is assigned a value of 1.","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"start","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1,"textFormat":0,"textStyle":""},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"In the Innovation Maturity Matrix, the horizontal axis represents relative recency, with technologies having relatively less recent inventions appearing to the left and those having relatively more recent inventions appearing to the right. 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One way to assess patent quality is to look at where, and in how many jurisdictions, a particular patent has been granted. ","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"start","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1,"textFormat":0,"textStyle":""},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"ASPI introduces a two-standard quality measure:","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"start","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1,"textFormat":0,"textStyle":""},{"children":[{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"a patent is 'IP5 coverage' when it is granted in at least three of the IP5 jurisdictions","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"start","indent":0,"type":"listitem","version":1,"value":1},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"a patent is 'high-coverage' when it is granted in at least four separate jurisdictions.","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"start","indent":0,"type":"listitem","version":1,"value":2}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"list","version":1,"listType":"bullet","start":1,"tag":"ul"},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"On average, only the top 1.9% of patent families and 4.5% of granted families were covered in all the IP5 jurisdictions. 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The original assignee is used instead of the current assignee to track the country where the invention took place.  ","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"left","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1,"textFormat":0,"textStyle":""},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"A fractional allocation was used to distribute the credit equally among the individual assignees and their respective countries so that each INPADOC patent family counts as one invention as defined by its unique family id. For example, if one INPADOC family hastwo assignees from two different countries, each of the assignees and each of the countries receives half the credit. 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We have also made some pages available for free to get a sense and feel of the patents Tracker with the following links:","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1,"textFormat":0,"textStyle":""},{"children":[{"children":[{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"AI algorithms and hardware accelerators","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"link","version":3,"fields":{"url":"https://techtracker.aspi.org.au/patents/tech/ai-algorithms-and-hardware-accelerators/patent-distribution","style":"inline","variant":"primary","linkType":"custom"},"id":"6abc63bc7c77fa4ef731b59a"},{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":" as an example of the individual technology visuals ","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"listitem","version":1,"value":1},{"children":[{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"AI technologies","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"link","version":3,"fields":{"url":"https://techtracker.aspi.org.au/patents/category/artificial-intelligence-technologies/category-overview","style":"inline","variant":"primary","linkType":"custom"},"id":"6abc64ad7c77fa4ef731b59b"},{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":" as an example of category visuals.","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"listitem","version":1,"value":2}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"list","version":1,"listType":"number","start":1,"tag":"ol"},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"3.      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","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"left","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1,"textFormat":0,"textStyle":""},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"4.      Can I compare countries?","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"heading","version":1,"tag":"h3"},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Yes. Select a country in the “Select country” dropdown field, then choose another in “Country (optional)” dropdown field to compare them. ","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"paragraph","version":1,"textFormat":0,"textStyle":""},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"5.      Can I group countries together?","type":"text","version":1}],"direction":null,"format":"","indent":0,"type":"heading","version":1,"tag":"h3"},{"children":[{"detail":0,"format":0,"mode":"normal","style":"","text":"Yes. 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EXPLORE THEINNOVATION MATURITY MATRIX

EXPLORE THE
INNOVATION MATURITY MATRIX