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Advanced optical communication

Advanced radiofrequency communication

Advanced undersea wireless communication

Distributed ledgers

High performance computing

Mesh and infrastructure independent networks

Protective cyber security technologies

Additive manufacturing

Advanced composite materials

Advanced explosives and energetic materials

Advanced magnets and superconductors

Advanced protection

Coatings

Continuous flow chemical synthesis

Critical minerals extraction and processing

High-specification machining processes

Nanoscale materials and manufacturing

Novel metamaterials

Smart materials

Wide and ultrawide bandgap semiconductors

Advanced data analytics

Advanced integrated circuit design and fabrication

Adversarial AI

AI algorithms and hardware accelerators

Machine learning

Natural language processing

Biological manufacturing

Genomic sequencing and analysis

Genetic engineering

Novel antibiotics and antivirals

Nuclear medicine and radiotherapy

Synthetic biology

Vaccines and medical countermeasures

Biofuels

Directed energy technologies

Electric batteries

Hydrogen and ammonia for power

Nuclear energy

Nuclear waste management and recycling

Photovoltaics

Supercapacitors

Post-quantum cryptography

Quantum communication

Quantum computing

Quantum sensors

Atomic clocks

Gravitational-force sensors

Inertial navigation systems

Magnetic field sensors

Multispectral and hyperspectral imaging sensors

Photonic sensors

Radar

Satellite positioning and navigation

Sonar and acoustic sensors

Advanced aircraft engines

Advanced robotics

Autonomous systems operation technologies

Drones, swarming and collaborative robots

Hypersonic detection and tracking

Small satellites

Space launch systems

Air-independent propulsion

Autonomous underwater vehicles

Electronic warfare

NATO

United States

China

European Union

Quad Countries

AUKUS

Russia

Australia

Five Eyes (FVEY)

Japan

India

United Kingdom

New Zealand

Canada

Afghanistan

Albania

Algeria

Andorra

Angola

Anguilla

Antigua & Barbuda

Argentina

Armenia

Aruba

Austria

Azerbaijan

Bahamas

Bahrain

Bangladesh

Barbados

Belarus

Belgium

Belize

Benin

Bermuda

Bhutan

Bolivia

Bosnia & Herzegovina

Botswana

Brazil

British Virgin Islands

Brunei

Bulgaria

Burkina Faso

Burundi

Cambodia

Cameroon

Cape Verde

Cayman Islands

Central African Republic

Chad

Chile

Colombia

Comoros

Congo – Brazzaville

Congo – Kinshasa

Cook Islands

Costa Rica

Côte d’Ivoire

Croatia

Cuba

Curaçao

Cyprus

Czechia

Denmark

Djibouti

Dominica

Dominican Republic

Ecuador

Egypt

El Salvador

Equatorial Guinea

Eritrea

Estonia

Eswatini

Ethiopia

Falkland Islands

Faroe Islands

Fiji

Finland

France

French Guiana

Gabon

Gambia

Georgia

Germany

Ghana

Gibraltar

Greece

Greenland

Grenada

Guatemala

Guinea

Guinea-Bissau

Guyana

Haiti

Honduras

Hungary

Iceland

Indonesia

Countries ranked by H-index

<p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The </span><span style="font-weight: 400;">H-index</span><span style="font-weight: 400;"> (Hirsch index) is an established performance metric used for analysing the impact of scholarly output and is calculated from citation numbers of an individual’s set of publications.</span><span style="font-weight: 400;"> It’s a combined measure of quantity and impact and performs better than other single-number summaries of research quality.</span></p>


What is a H-index?

Countries ranked by share of highly cited publications

<p>Here we look at research papers published between 2019 and 2023 to rank national research performance in Photovoltaics. We focus on two metrics, the H-index and the share of highly cited publications.</p>


Who produces the *highest quality* research *currently*?

<p>This toggles between quantity and quality treemaps for different countries.</p>


Quantity versus quality

<p>Below is a breakdown of published research within Photovoltaics between 2019 and 2023, showing which countries have been the most active in this field recently.</p>


Who produces the *most* research?

Research volume

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<p>The area of each country represents their share of the global total. Hovering over any country will show you their absolute credit as well. Note that a fractional allocation method was used to assign credit (which is why credit can be a non-whole number). Please see the methodology section for more details.</p>
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Treemap

Who produces the highest quality research currently?

Countries ranked by share of highly cited publications

Countries ranked by H-index

Who produces the most research?

Research volume

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